Standalone installer, usually 64 bits for your system: https://www.qgis.org/en/site/forusers/download.html
Raster = an image: lscanned map or sattelite images
Vector = points, lines or surfaces with coordinates and attributes (names, values)
WGS84 (All GPS, Kobotool box): 4326
Pseudo-Mercator (Google maps): 3857
There are already a lot of ready made vector layers
Natural earth has physical, cultural and political datasets. Download SHP vectors for QGIS here
To get Google maps, Google sattelite, Open Street Map, ESRI Sattelite....
Tile + plugin: http://bit.ly/tile_plus
QGIS Tutorials and Tips - Extremely easy to follow and complete tutorials for QGIS
Evaluate the training (eco-friendly: no paper!)
Map templates: if you want the logos to appear, you need to save the logos in the same folder as your QGIS file or tell QGIS the path in your computer to reach those logos